Climate Change: Wacky Weather

If you have lived in Florida long, you know the weather can change drastically in a matter of minutes and vary within a matter of blocks. It could be a beautiful sunny day, then clouds spawn from nothing and a heavy downpour ruins your beach plans. Rain, humidity, and warmer temperatures are what we are accustomed to, especially down in South Florida. Each winter we expect a week or two of cold fronts, but things this year were a little strange. Looking at the weather forecast after the short yearly cold fronts passed, just to discover that more were lined up right behind them was something that nobody anticipated.? 

People were struggling to adapt to the consistent cold fronts, but the hardest hit were the vegetable and fruit crops. Citruses, mangoes, and tomatoes are a small portion of the type of crops that took a hit with the prolonged winter South Florida received this past  year. Some portable plants were able to be salvaged by relocating them to a temperature  controlled area like a greenhouse, but the field crops were a different story. Many of those fields with cold-sensitive crops died off, causing millions of dollars in losses.? 

Do these cold fronts mean that climate change isn’t an issue anymore? The fact of the matter is that climate change isn’t as simple as the black and white definition of global heating. It is, however, an explanation for the weather getting more unpredictable. Two of the largest known weather patterns are referred to as El Niño and La Niña which affect trade winds in the Pacific Ocean. Understanding them can be a beneficial way to gauge what kind of weather is going to affect certain geographical locations. El Niño generally impacts warmer winters in the northern U.S. and wetter winters in the Gulf Coast, while La Niña generally impacts colder winters in the northern U.S. and warmer and drier winters in the South. This year, La Niña was significantly weaker and less predictable than usual, which allowed other atmospheric patterns to play a larger role in shaping Florida’s weather. This year it happened to lead to more frequent cold fronts.? 

The Ozone layer is a protective gas (O3) that shields the Earth from harmful UV rays that could negatively impact life on this planet. Ever since the industrial revolution where machines were used to increase work efficiency, an increase in gasses continue to be released into the environment. It is very common for the health of the Ozone layer to be lumped into climate change, but they are actually different environmental issues. Climate change is primarily caused by greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, while the ozone simply protects the planet from UV rays that in larger amounts could harm ecosystems. Although separate issues, it is equally as important and with continuous efforts by individual and industry, the ozone layer has been making a steady recovery and by the year 2066, it’s expected to be where it was pre-industrial revolution.? 

What can civilians like you or I do to aid in this fight against climate change? Limiting waste as much as possible by reducing, reusing, and recycling is one of the biggest ways to limit environmental impact. Opting to carpool or walk instead of driving to minimize gasoline usage (Especially in this current economy) reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. Participating in local environmental opportunities such as trash cleanups and tree plantings is also a wonderful way to help! Although these few actions might seem small, millions of people taking part in those changes can lead to a more beautiful Earth for our future generations to inherit.? 

Resources –>https://www.weather.gov/media/mfl/news/WinterSummary2026.pdf 

What are El Nino and La Nina? 

Current State of the Ozone Layer | US EPA 

What You Can Do about Climate Change | US EPA 

Tropical plants hit hardest after freeze in Central Florida 

Wasps

  A lot of apex predators get a negative reputation such as Great White sharks, American Alligators, and Wasps! Although they are technically apex predators in microecosystems, specifically the insect ones, they still reign supreme. It’s easy to label wasps as pests that seemingly do nothing except survive, but when we dive deeper, we can gain a new understanding of their importance in our ecosystems.

               So, what do wasps do for the ecosystem around us? Like how most apex predators help keep the populations beneath them in check, that’s exactly what wasps do to insect populations that could be harmful to various crops. From Aphids which spread viruses to vegetables and grains, to grasshoppers which can destroy pastures and crops, wasps actively hunt them along with a larger multitude of pests to feed their larvae.

               They are also accidental pollinators! As previously discussed, the wasps feed all the insects they hunt for the larvae for their development. So, what do the adult wasps eat? They either consume a sweet saliva that the larvae produce after being fed, or they consume the sweet nectar that flowers produce. Like how bees pollinate flowers, when a wasp stops to feed at a flower, pollen gets attached to their appendages and thus gets rubbed off on the next flower that they so happen to visit next. While bees are more specialized as effective pollinators because of the hairs, they are covered with that more successfully carries the pollen, they still aid hundreds of plant species pollinate!

               If wasps are so beneficial to our ecosystem, why are they so aggressive towards humans? Like most species on Earth, they are highly protective of their home and food supplies. Wasps like Yellow Jackets are notorious for defending their nest which houses their queen and larvae. If they feel you’re too close, or perceive your movements as an attack, they will likely try to sting you. If they manage to be successful and land a sting on you, or if you manage to kill them, they release pheromones when they sting or die which acts as a distress signal that would alert other nearby wasps to its location.

               So, what should be done when encountering a wasp? The most important thing you can do is to remain as still as you can, so the wasp doesn’t perceive one of your motions as a threat. If there’s a nest on your property, then you could call the National Pest Management Association for tips on what to do or for professional removal options! There are a large variety of wasp types, but at the end of the day they all just want to do what they can for their larvae and survival.

Resource à https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-do-wasps-do.html

Mushrooms Everywhere

Mushrooms are everywhere! The vast number of species cover a wide range of various jobs either beneficial or harmful to humans or nonhumans alike. Fungi can be responsible for diseases that can affect our internal organs such as valley fever affecting humans which is a lung infection caused by the inhalation of Coccidioides spores, to a fungus known as cordyceps which hijacks an ants nervous system causing them to climb to an appropriate height for the fungus to thus grow its fruiting body and spread its spores to other ants.

So, what benefit does Fungi have towards humans and the ecosystem around us? We can start with plants! Plants play a crucial role in many of our ecosystems because they constitute the bottom of most food chains. Some fungi can attach to the roots of certain plants and thus increase the nutrient and water absorption of the plant while gaining additional nutrients itself. This is referred to as a mutual symbiosis relationship where both parties benefit from. A specific example of this could include various trees such as pines, oaks, and redwoods with soil fungus such as Amanita or Boletus. Fungi alongside plants are part of a process called soil carbon sequestration where excess carbon that is in the atmosphere is captured and stored into the soil. That not only keeps our atmosphere in a cleaner state but also provides fertile soil for new plants.

The human consumption of Fungi is also revealing to researchers its potential for medicinal breakthroughs as more clinical trials is done to depict its effectiveness. Tumors, AIDS, and diabetes are some of the largest health issues human struggle with that are showing promising results using Fungi. It is still currently considered an alternative medicine, but it is extremely promising!

What can we do as a species to protect our fungal communities? Avoiding harsh chemicals and pesticides in gardens could help in not disturbing the balance the microbial communities are attempting to form. Avoid heavy tilling and compacting your garden as to not damage the fungal hyphae or fine fungal threads that form in the soil. Using organic mulch like compost can aid in feeding the soil to create the ideal environments for the fungi to thrive as well! If gardening isn’t your forte, you could always contribute to the global mapping of fungal biodiversity by logging your fungi observations using apps like iNaturalist or a website like mushroom observer! Using those platforms helps researchers gather data that is used to further understand and protect local ecosystems. Mushrooms are fascinating organisms that help keep our ecosystems thriving! Truly fascinating organisms!

Resources  https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/stories/benefits-fungi-environment-and-humans

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10296638

Video on ants affected by cordyceps  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8